The Relationship Between Leaders' Psychological Capital and Organizational Outcomes: A Crossover Model
The study investigated the potential role of human resources exemplified by leaders' psychological capital (PsyCap) as a resource that may cross o.
- Pub. date: March 15, 2024
- Pages: 59-72
- 161 Downloads
- 410 Views
- 0 Citations
The study investigated the potential role of human resources exemplified by leaders' psychological capital (PsyCap) as a resource that may cross over to team-member exchange (TMX), and bring about desired organizational outcomes. We suggest a model where TMX of senior management teams serves as a team resource mediating the relationship between leaders’ PsyCap and organizational outcomes, as represented by team innovation, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), and employees’ job satisfaction. The study, carried out among 86 elementary and junior high schools, indicated a positive relationship between leaders’ PsyCap and TMX. In addition, we found a significant relationship between TMX and the three measures of organizational outcomes. Furthermore, TMX partially mediated the relationship between leaders’ PsyCap and the desired outcomes, excepting innovation. The findings provide support for the importance of the leaders’ personal resource of psychological capital as a complementary perspective that may enhance our understanding of leadership’s impact on organizational success. In addition, the study provides significant support for the expanded model, broadening the definition of the crossover model by examining the translation of positive resources from leaders' PsyCap to organizational outcomes via teams' positive resources. From a practical perspective, the findings bring to the forefront the importance of psychological capital as a state-like construct that can be developed through leader preparation and professional development programs.
Keywords: Organizational citizenship behavior, psychological capital, team, team-member exchange.
0
References
Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). Experimentally analyzing the impact of positivity on follower positivity and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004
Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2010). The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(2), 430-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308329961
Bahl, K. T., & Ansari, M. A. (1996). Measuring quality of interaction between leaders and members. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(11), 945-972. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01119.x
Bakar, H. A., & McCann, R. M. (2014). Matters of demographic similarity and dissimilarity in supervisor–subordinate relationships and workplace attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 41, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.04.004
Banks, G. C., Batchelor, J. H., Seers, A., O'Boyle, E. H., Jr., Pollack, J. M., & Gower, K. (2014). What does team–member exchange bring to the party? A meta‐analytic review of team and leader social exchange. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2), 273-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1885
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Benoliel, P. (2017). Managing senior management team boundaries and school improvement: An investigation of the school leader role. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 20(1), 57-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2015.1053536
Benoliel, P. (2021). Is it your personality, your boundary leadership or both? An integrative approach for the improvement of school management team effectiveness. Journal of Educational Administration, 59(6), 669-687. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-08-2020-0171
Benoliel, P., & Somech, A. (2016). Functional heterogeneity and senior management team effectiveness: The mediating role of school leadership. Journal of Educational Administration, 54(4), 492-512. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-09-2015-0079
Berkovich, I., & Bogler, R. (2021). Conceptualizing the mediating paths linking effective school leadership to teachers’ organizational commitment. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 49(3), 410-429. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220907321
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Willey.
Bliese, P. D. (2000). Within group agreement, non-independence, and reliability. In K. Klein, & S. W. J. Kozlovski (Eds.), Multi-level theory, research and methods in organizations (pp. 349-381). Jossey-Bass.
Bogler, R. (2001). The influence of leadership style on teacher job satisfaction. Educational Administration Quarterly, 37(5), 662-683. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131610121969460
Bogler, R., & Berkovich, I. (2022). A systematic review of empirical evidence on teachers’ organizational commitment 1994–2018. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 21(3), 440-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2020.1774783
Bogler, R., & Somech, A. (2019). Psychological capital, team resources and organizational citizenship behavior. The Journal of Psychology, 153(8), 784-802. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1614515
Bois, K., & Howell, J. M. (2006). Leader-member exchange in teams: An examination of the interaction between relationship differentiation and mean LMX in explaining team-level outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(3), 246-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.02.004
Bolger, N., DeLongis, A., Kessler, R. C., & Wethington, E. (1989). The contagion of stress across multiple roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51(1) 175-183. https://doi.org/10.2307/352378
Bolino, M. C., & Turnley, W. H. (2005). The personal costs of citizenship behavior: The relationship between individual initiative and role overload, job stress, and work-family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 740-748. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.740
Bush, T., & Glover, D. (2014). School leadership models: What do we know? School Leadership & Management, 34(5), 553-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2014.928680
Butt, H. P., Tariq, H., Weng, Q., & Sohail, N. (2019). I see you in me, and me in you: The moderated mediation crossover model of work passion. Personnel Review, 48(5), 1209-1238. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2018-0176
Byrne, A., Dionisi, A. M., Barling, J., Akers, A., Robertson, J., Lys, R., Wylie, J., & Dupre, K. (2014). The depleted leader: The influence of leaders' diminished psychological resources on leadership behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(2), 344-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.09.003
Chen, Q., Kog, Y., Niu, J., Gao, W., Li, J., & Li, M. (2019). How leaders' psychological capital influence their followers' psychological capital: Social exchange or emotional contagion. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1578. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01578
Chen, Q., Wen, Z., Kong, Y., Niu, J., & Hau, K.-T. (2017). Influence of leaders' psychological capital on their followers: Multilevel mediation effect of organizational identification. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 1776. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01776
Chen, S., Westman, M., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2015). The commerce and crossover of resources: Resource conservation in the service of resilience. Stress and Health, 31(2), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2574
Chen, Z. (2018). A literature review of team-member exchange and prospects. Journal of Service Science and Management, 11(4), 433-454. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2018.114030
Cole, M. S., Schaninger, W. S., Jr, & Harris, S. G. (2002). The workplace social exchange network: A multilevel, conceptual examination. Group & Organization Management, 27(1), 142-167. https://doi.org/bfz5g7
Crook, T. R., Todd, S. Y., Combs, J. G., Woehr, D. J., & Ketchen, D. J., Jr. (2011). Does human capital matter? A meta-analysis of the relationship between human capital and firm performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 443-456. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0022147
Dasgupta, P. (2020). Effect of organizational support, leader-member exchange, team-member exchange and the effect of mediation by affective and team commitments on the organizational citizenship behavior of nurses. IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19(2), 27-54.
Ehrhart, M. G., Schneider, B., & Macey, W. H. (2013). Organizational climate and culture: An introduction to theory, research and practice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315857664
Eliyahu, N., & Somech, A. (2022). Team citizenship pressure: How does it relate to OCB and citizenship fatigue. Small Group Research, 54(2) 243 –276. https://doi.org/10.1177/10464964221105422
Farmer, S. M., Van Dyne, L., & Kamdar, D. (2015). The contextualized self: How team–member exchange leads to coworker identification and helping OCB. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(2), 583-595. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037660
Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2001). The concept of personal initiative: An overview of validity studies. Human Performance, 14(1), 97-124. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327043HUP1401_06
Feng, F. I. (2016). School principals' authentic leadership and teachers' psychological capital: Teachers' perspective. International Education Studies, 9(10), 245-255. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v9n10p245
Ganon-Shilon, S., & Schechter, C. (2019). No school principal is an island: From individual to school sense-making processes in reform implementation. Management in Education, 33(2), 77- 85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892020618805799
Ghosh, V., Bharadwaja, M., Yadav, S., & Kabra, G. (2019). Team-member exchange and innovative work behavior: The role of psychological empowerment and creative self-efficacy. International Journal of Innovation Science, 11(3), 344-361. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-12-2018-0132
Gojny-Zbierowska, M. (2024). When there is no justice, we need an old HERO. The trickle-down effect of psychological capital: The moderating role of organizational justice and leaders’ age. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, Article 1256721. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1256721
Goldring, E., Huff, J., May, H., & Camburn, E. (2008). School context and individual characteristics: What influences principal practice? Journal of Education Administration, 46(3), 332-352. https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230810869275
Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi- level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90036-5
Grözinger, A. C., Wolff, S., Ruf, P. J., & Moog, P. (2022). The power of shared positivity: Organizational psychological capital and firm performance during exogenous crises. Small Business Economics, 58, 689-716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00506-4
Gutermann, D., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., Boer, D., Born, M., & Voelpel, S. C. (2017). How leaders affect followers' work engagement and performance: Integrating Leader−Member Exchange and Crossover Theory. British Journal of Management, 28(2), 299-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12214
Hakanen, J., Perhoniemi, R., & Toppinen-Tanner, S. (2008). Positive gain spirals at work: From job resources to work engagement, personal initiative and work-unit innovativeness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.003
Ho, H. C. Y., & Chan, Y. C. (2022). Flourishing in the workplace: A one-year prospective study on the effects of perceived organizational support and psychological capital. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), Article 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020922
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hobfoll, S. E. (2012). Conservation of resources and disaster in cultural context: The caravans and passageways for resources. Psychiatry, 75(3), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2012.75.3.227
Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J. P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103-128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1993). rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 306-309. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.2.306
Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin.
Kim, K. Y., Atwater, L., Jolly, P., Ugwuanyi, I., Baik, K., & Yu, J. (2021). Supportive leadership and job performance: Contributions of supportive climate, team-member exchange (TMX), and group-mean TMX. Journal of Business Research, 134, 661-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.06.011
Kim, T., & Lee, G. (2013). Hospitality employee knowledge-sharing behaviors in the relationship between goal orientations and service innovative behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 324-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.009
Koh, H. H., Gurr, D., Drysdale, L., & Ang, L. L. (2011). How school leaders perceive the leadership role of middle leaders in Singapore primary schools? Asia Pacific Education Review, 12, 609-620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-011-9161-1
Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
Krauter, J. (2018). The adaptive leader: The influence of leaders' psychological capital on their task adaptive performance managing adversity. The International Journal of Knowledge, Culture, and Change Management: Annual Review, 18(1), 19-45. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9524/CGP/v18i01/19-45
Lau, D. C., & Lam, L. W. (2008). Effects of trusting and being trusted on team citizenship behaviors in chain stores. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 11(2), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2008.00251.x
Lawrence, K. (2013). Developing leaders in VUCA environment. UNC Executive Development Blog.
LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11(4), 815-852. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106296642
Li, Y., Wang, Z., Yang, L., & Liu, S. (2016). The crossover of psychological distress from leaders to subordinates in teams: The role of abusive supervision, psychological capital, and team performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(2), 142-153. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039960
Liao, H., Liu, D., & Loi, R. (2010). Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: A social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation on creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 53(5), 1090-1109. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.54533207
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Sparrowe, R. T. (2000). An examination of the mediating role of psychological empowerment on the relations between the job, interpersonal relationships, and work outcomes. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.407
Loghman, S., Quinn, M., Dawkins, S., Woods, M., Om Sharma, S., & Scott, J. (2023). A comprehensive meta-analyses of the nomological network of psychological capital (PsyCap). Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 30(1), 108-128. https://doi.org/10.1177/15480518221107998
Love, M. S., & Forret, M. (2008). Exchange relationships at work: An examination of the relationship between team-member exchange and supervisor reports of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14(4), 342-352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808315558
Luthans, F. (2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2002.6640181
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, J. B., Norman, S. M., & Combs, G. (2006). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 387-393. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.373
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital. Oxford University Press.
Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Psychological capital: An evidence-based positive approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 339-366. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113324
Organ, D. W. (1990). The motivational basis of organizational citizenship behavior. In B. M.
Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior: An annual series of analytical essays and critical reviews (Vol. 12, pp. 43-72). JAI Press.
Pitichat, T., Reichard, A., Kea-Edwards, A., Middleton, E., & Norman, S. (2018). Psychological capital for leader development. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 25(1), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051817719232
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-report in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
Purwanto, A., Asbari, M., Hartuti, H., Setiana, Y. N., & Fahmi, K. (2021). Effect of psycho logical capital and authentic leadership on innovation work behavior. International Journal of Social and Management Studies, 2(1), 1-13.
Schmidt, C. V. H., & Flatten, T. C. (2022). Crossover of resources within formal ties: How job seekers acquire psychological capital from employment counselors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(4), 604-619. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2578
Seers, A. (1989). Team-member exchange quality: A new construct for role-making research. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43(1), 118-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(89)90060-5
Seers, A., Petty, M. M., & Cashman, J. F. (1995). Team-member exchange under team and traditional management: A naturally occurring quasi-experiment. Group & Organization Management, 20(1), 18-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601195201003
Somech, A. (2010). Participative decision making in schools: A mediating-moderating analytical framework for understanding school and teacher outcomes. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(2), 174-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670510361745
Spreitzer, G. M., Kizilos, M. A., & Nason, S. W. (1997). A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment and effectiveness, satisfaction and strain. Journal of Management, 23(5), 679-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(97)90021-0
Story, J. S. P., Youssef, C. M., Luthans, F., Barbuto, J. E., & Bovaird, J. (2013). Contagion effect of global leaders' positive psychological capital on followers: Does distance and quality of relationship matter? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(13), 2534-2553. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.744338
Sweetland, S. R., & Hoy, W. K. (2000). School characteristics and educational outcomes: Toward an organizational model of student achievement in middle schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 36(5), 703-729. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131610021969173
Sy, T., Côté, S., & Saavedra, R. (2005). The contagious leader: Impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 295-305. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.2.295
Tan, C., Zhang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2022). The mechanism of team-member exchange on knowledge hiding under the background of “Guanxi”. Journal of Business Research, 148, 304-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.04.063
Tang, B., Han, Y., He, G., & Li, X. (2024). The chain mediating effect of shared leadership on team innovation. Heliyon, 10(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25282
Therasa, C., & Vijayabanu, C. (2015). The impact of Big Five personality traits and positive psychological strengths towards job satisfaction: A review. Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences, 23(2), 142-150. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPso.7620
Tschannen-Moran, M. (2009). Fostering teacher professionalism in schools: The role of leadership orientation and trust. Educational Administration Quarterly, 45(2), 217-247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X08330501
Tsui, A. S., & O'Reilly, C. A. (1989). Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 402-423.
Turner, N., Barling, J., & Zacharatos, A. (2002). Positive psychology at work. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 715-728). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135336.003.0052
Vigoda-Gadot, E., Beeri, I., Birman-Shemesh, T., & Somech, A. (2007). Group-Level organizational citizenship behavior in the education system: A scale reconstruction and validation. Educational Administration Quarterly, 43(4), 462-493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X07299435
Walumbwa, F. O., Peterson, S. J., Avolio, B. J., & Hartnell, C. A. (2010). An investigation of the relationships among leader and follower psychological capital, service climate, and job performance. Personal Psychology, 63(4), 937-963. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01193.x
Wang, Y., Chen, Y., & Zhu, Y. (2021). Promoting innovative behavior in employees: The mechanism of leader psychological capital. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 598090. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.598090
Waters, L., Strauss, G., Somech, A., Haslam, N., & Dussert, D. (2020). Does team psychological capital predict team outcomes at work?. International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i1.923
West, M. A. (2002). Sparkling fountains or stagnant ponds: An integrative model of creativity and innovation implementation in work groups. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51(3), 355-424. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00951
West, M. A., & Farr, J. I. (1990). Innovation at work. In M.A. West & J.I. Farr (Eds), Innovation and creativity at work: Psychological and organizational strategies (pp. 3-13). John Wiley.
West, M. A., & Wallace, M. (1991). Innovation in health care teams. British Journal of Social Psychology, 21(4), 303-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420210404
Westman, M. (2001). Stress and strain crossover. Human Relations, 54(6), 557-591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726701546002
Westman, M., Etzion, D., & Horovitz, S. (2004). The toll of unemployment does not stop with the unemployed. Human Relations, 57(7), 823–844. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726704045767
Westman, M., Shadach, E., & Keinan, G. (2013). The crossover of positive and negative emotions: The role of state empathy. International Journal of Stress Management, 20(2), 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033205
Xu, J., Liu, Y., & Chung, B. (2017). Leader psychological capital and employee work engagement: The roles of employee psychological capital and team collectivism. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(7), 969-985. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2016-0126
Ziya, B., Mobaraki, M. H., & Saeediyoun, M. (2015). The effect of psychological capital on innovation in information technology. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 5, Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-015-0024-9