logo logo European Journal of Educational Management

EUJEM is is a, peer reviewed, online academic research journal.

Subscribe to

Receive Email Alerts

for special events, calls for papers, and professional development opportunities.

Subscribe

Publisher (HQ)

Eurasian Society of Educational Research
7321 Parkway Drive South, Hanover, MD 21076, USA
Headquarters
7321 Parkway Drive South, Hanover, MD 21076, USA
Research Article

The Relationship between the Transformational Leadership, the Cultural Intelligence of Teachers and the Skills of Principals’ Diversity Management

Necati Cobanoglu

It is regarded as considerable values those principles’ skills of managing diversities and teachers’ cultural intelligences which mean the.

I

It is regarded as considerable values those principles’ skills of managing diversities and teachers’ cultural intelligences which mean they understand and appreciate other cultures. These core values are remarkably vital to be culturally literate in the global world. The organizations and their administrators respecting the diversities of the employees can allocate more time competing their counterparts in the world instead of losing energy with unnecessary conflicts. The aim of the study is to examine the correlation between teachers’ cultural intelligence and Principal’s managing the diversities and their transformational leaderships according to the teachers’ point of views. The research has adopted a correlational model. The data of the research was gathered from 428 primary school teachers in Turkey/Malatya during 2020-2021 academic year. The Data was gathered through the “Cultural Intelligence”, “Diversity Management” and “Transformational Leadership” scales. The data was analyzed by arithmetic mean, correlation analysis and regression analysis. The results of the research suggest that the primary school teacher’s cultural intelligence, the principal’s management of diversity and their transformational leadership levels were “mostly high”. It was revealed that there was a moderate level positive significant correlation between teachers’ cultural intelligence levels and Principal’s skills of managing the diversities and their transformational leaderships. Moreover, teacher’s cultural intelligence levels and Principal’s skills of managing the diversities predict the transformational leaderships of Principles. Consequently, to increase the transformational leadership of Principals, it is recommended to enhance teachers’ socio-cultural awareness and to work on improving the skills of diversity management of principals.

Keywords: Cultural intelligence, diversity management, principal, teacher transformational leadership.

cloud_download PDF
Cite
Article Metrics
Views
1333
Download
1088
Citations
Crossref
0

References

Akbolat, M., Isik, O., & Yilmaz, A. (2013). Donusumu liderlik davranisinin motivasyon ve duygusal bagliliga etkisi [The effect of transformational leadership behavior on motivation and emotional commitment]. International Journal of Economics and Administrative Studies/ Uluslararası Iktisadi ve Idari Incelemeler Dergisi, 6(11), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.18092/ijeas.54064

Akman, Y., & Imamoglu Akman, G. (2017). Ogretmenlerin cok kulturlu egitim tutumunun sosyal zeka algisina gore incelenmesi [Examination of multicultural education attitude of teachers according to social intelligence perception]. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 7(1), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.306954

Aktogan, S. (2019). Sosyal zekâ ve kulturel zekânin donusumcu ve etkilesimci liderlik ile iliskisine yonelik bir arastirma [A research on the relationship between social intelligence and cultural intelligence with transformational and transactional leadership] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Istanbul University.

Aldhaheri, A. (2017). Cultural intelligence and leadership style in the education sector. International Journal of Educational Management, 31(6), 718-735. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2016-0093

Altın, F. (2019). Okul mudurlerinin donusumcu liderlik ve orgutsel yenilesme ozelliklerinin ogretmen gorusleri acisindan incelenmesi [Examination of transformational leadership and organizational innovation characteristics of school principals from the point of view of teacher opinions] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Balıkesir University.

Anderson, M. (2017). Transformational leadership in education: A review of existing literature. International Social Science Review, 93(1), 1-13.

Andriani, S., Kesumawati, N., & Kristiawan, M. (2018). The influence of the transformational leadership and work motivation on teachers performance. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 7(7), 19-29.

Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Yee Ng, K., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(3), 335–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2007.00082.x

Ansari, M. I., Radmehr, R., & Shalikar, M. (2012). Analysis the relationship between cultural intelligence and transformational leadership (The case of managers at the trade office). International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(14), 152-261.

Arastaman, G. (2017). Kulturel Zeka Olceginin (KZO) Turk akademisyenler uzerinde gecerlik ve guvenirlik calismasi [A study of validity and reliability evidences of cultural intelligence scale on Turkish academics]. Journal of Higher Education/ Yuksekogretim Dergisi, 8(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.2399/yod.17.025

Ashikali, T., & Groeneveld, S. (2013). Diversity management in public organizations and its effect on employees’ affective commitment: The role of transformational leadership and the inclusiveness of the organizational culture. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 35(2) 146–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X13511088

Aslan, Y. (2018). Ogretmenlerin farkliliklarin yonetimi yaklasimlarina iliskin algilari ile orgutsel mutluluk algilari arasindaki iliski [The relationship between teachers' perceptions of diversity management approaches and their perceptions of organizational happiness] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Kocaeli Universty.

Bait Ishaq, Z. G., & Pratomo, B. R. (2019). Impact of cultural diversity on organizational performance in ooredoo Oman. Journal of Student Research, (Special issue), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.47611/jsr.vi.1006

Balay, R., & Saglam, M. (2004). Egitimde farkliliklarin yonetimi olceginin uygulanabilirligi [Applicability of diversity management measure in education]. Suleyman Demirel University Burdur Faculty of Education Journal, 5(8), 31-46.

Balci, A. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde arastirma yontem, teknik ve ilkeler [Research methods, techniques and principles in social sciences]. Pegem A Publishing/ Pegem A Yayincilik.

Balyer, A., & Gunduz, Y. (2010). Yonetici ve ogretmenlerin okullarinda farkliliklarin yonetimine iliskin algilarinin incelenmesi [Examining administrators 'and teachers' perceptions of diversity management in their schools]. Marmara University Ataturk Education Faculty Journal of Educational Sciences/ Marmara University Ataturk Egitim Fakultesi Egitim Bilimleri Dergisi, (32), 25- 43.

Banks, J. A. (1993). Multicultural education: Developments, dimensions, and challenges. Phi Delta Kappan, 75(1), 22-28.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173

Belloda, B., Bilir Guler, S., & Oguzhan, A. (2016). Farkliliklarin yonetimi ve orgutsel baglilik: Kosova Prizren devlet okullarinda bir arastirma [Management and organizational commitment of diversity: a research in Prizren state schools in Kosovo]. Balkan and Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences, 03(02), 1-19.

Brown, M. E. (2002). Leading with values: The moderating influence of trust on values acceptance by employees [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The Pennsylvania State University.

Bucker, J., Furrer, O., & Lin, Y. (2015). Measuring cultural intelligence (CQ): A new test of the CQ scale. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 15(3), 259-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595815606741

Burns, M. G. (1978). Leadership. Harper-Row

Buyukozturk, S. (2011). Sosyal bilimler icin veri analizi el kitabi [Data analysis handbook for social sciences] (15th ed.). Pegem Akademi.

Canatan, K. (2007). Milli devlet ve milliyetciligin ortaya cikardigi bir sorun alani olarak cok kulturluluk cok kulturculuk [Multiculturalism, multiculturalism, as a problem area caused by the national state and nationalism]. Oldnew/ Eskiyeni, (6), 41-48.

Celik, A. (2019). Orgutsel yabancilasmanin yordayicisi olarak farkliliklarin yonetimi [Diversity management as a predictor of organizational alienation] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim Universty and Marmara Universty.

Coad, A. F., & Berry, A. J. (1998). Transformational leadership and learning orientation, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 19(3), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437739810210211

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th ed.). Routledge Falmer.

Demir, S. (2021). Lider-uye etkilesim kurami ve bazi ciktilari [Leader-member interaction theory and some of its outcomes]. Ani Yayincilik.

Demirel, Y., & Ozbezek, B. D. (2016). Orgutlerde zenginligin kaynagi olarak farkliliklarin yonetimi: Kavramsal bir inceleme [Diversity management as the source of wealth in organizations: A conceptual analysis] Cankiri Karatekin University Journal of Social Sciences Institute/ Cankiri Karatekin Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, 7(1), 1-28.

Denissen, M., Benschop, Y., & van den Brink, M. (2020). Rethinking diversity management: an ıntersectional analysis of diversity networks. Organization Studies, 41(2) 219–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840618800103

Dublin, A. J. (2001). Leadership reserch finding, pactice and skills. Haugton Mifflin Company.

Dundar, S. (2019). Kulturel zekâ ve duygusal zekânin liderlik tipleri uzerindeki etkileri [The effects of cultural intelligence and emotional intelligence on leadership types] [Unpublished master dissertation]. Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University

Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Palo Alto. Stanford University Press.

Ekinci, O. (2019). Ortaogretim okulu ogretmenlerinin kulturel zeka duzeyleri ile cokkulturlu yeterlik algilarinin incelenmesi [Examination of secondary school teachers' cultural intelligence levels and multicultural competence perceptions] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Necmettin Erbakan Universty.

Ersoy, A., & Ehtiyar, R. (2015). Kulturel farkliliklarin yonetiminde kulturel zekanin rolu: Turk ve yabanci yoneticiler uzerine bir arastirma [The role of cultural intelligence on the management of cultural differences: a research on turkish and expatriate managers]. Anatolia: Journal of Tourism Studies/ Anadolu: Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi, 26(1), 42 – 60. https://doi.org/10.17123/atad.vol26iss188963

Frost, P. J. (2004). Handling toxic emotions: New challenges for leaders and their organization. Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.01.001

Gardenswartz, L., & Rowe, A. (1998). Managing diversity: A complete desk reference and planning guide (Revised ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Gelmez, S. (2018). Ilkokul ve ortaokul yoneticilerinin donusumcu liderlik ozellikleri [Transformative leadership characteristics of primary and secondary school administrators] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim Universty.

Gezer, M., & Sahin, İ. F. (2017). Cokkulturlu egitime yonelik tutum ve kulturel zeka arasindaki iliskinin YEM ile incelenmesi [An analysis of the relationships between attitudes towards multicultural education and cultural intelligence using the structural equation model]. Eastern Geographical Review, 22(38), 173-188. https://doi.org/10.17295/ataunidcd.323139

Glad, B., & Blanton, R. M. (1997). F.W. De Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A study in cooperative transformational leadership. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 27(3), 565-590.

Goksoy, S., Torlak, E., & Uguz, B. (2019). Okul mudurlerinin donusumcu liderlik rolleri [Transformative leadership roles of school principals]. Duzce University Journal of Social Sciences Institute/ Duzce Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, 9(2), 29-222.

Gozzoli, C., & Gazzaroli, D. (2018). The cultural intelligence scale (CQS): A contribution to the Italian validation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01183

Gul, I., & Turkmen, F. (2018). Ogretmen goruslerine gore, okul yoneticilerinin farkliliklarin yonetimi ve catisma cozme becerilerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of administration and conflict resolution skills of dffferences of school administrators by teacher's vision]. Turkish Studies, 13(4), 649-668. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.12434

Haviland, W. A., Walrath, D., Prins, H, L., & Mcbride, B. (2008). Cultural anthropology: The human challenge (12nd ed). Wadsworth.

Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.

Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management and Organization, 10(4), 15-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300

Iscan, O. F. (2002). Kuresel isletmecilikte donusumcu liderlik anlayisi -buyuk olcekli isletmelerde bir uygulama [Transformative leadership in global business-an application in large-scale enterprises] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Ataturk University.

Johnston, W. B., & Packer, A. E. (1987). Workforce 2000: Work and Workers for the 21st century. Hudson Institute.

Karakas, O. (2021). Okullarda farkliliklarin yonetiminin liderlik kapasitesiyle iliskisi [Relationship of Diversity Management in schools to leadership capacity] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Necmettin Erbakan University.

Karasar, N. (2012). Bilimsel arastirma yontemi [Scientific research method]. Bilim Kitap Kirtasiye Yayinevi.

Karip, E. (1998). Donosumcu liderlik [Transformational leadership]. Educational Administration in Theory and Practice/ Kuram ve Uygulamada Egitim Yonetimi, 4(4), 1-23.

Kaya, A., Kaya, K., & Akyuz, B. (2020). Okullarda farkliliklarin yonetimine iliskin ogretmen gorusleri[Teacher opinions on diversity management in schools. In B. Aytemur (Ed.), Genclikten yasliliga egitimde yeni yaklasimlar [New approaches in education from youth to old age] (pp. 77-103). Iksad Publihing House.

Keung, K. E., & Rockinson-Szapkiw, J. A. (2013). The relationship between transformational leadership and cultural intelligence: A study of international school leaders. Journal of Educational Administration, 51(6), 836-854. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-04-2012-0049

Kim, H. Y. (2013). Statistical notes for clinical researchers: assessing normal distribution (2) using skewness and kurtosis. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 38(1), 52-54. https://doi.org/10.5395/rde.2013.38.1.52

Kiris, B., & Aslan, H. (2019). Okul mudurlerinin donosumcu liderlik ozellikleri ile ogretmenlerin mesleki benlik saygilari arasindaki iliskiye yonelik ogretmen algilari [Teachers 'perceptions of the relationship between the transformational leadership traits of school principals and teachers' professional self-esteem] Electronic Journal of Social Sciences/ Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(72), 1656-1675.

Kiris, I. (2013). Ilkokul mudurlerinin donosumcu liderlik ozelliklerini gosterme duzeylerine iliskin ogretmen gorusleri [Teacher opinions on the levels of primary school principals to demonstrate transformational leadership characteristics] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Cag University.

Kouni, Z., Koutsoukos, M., & Panta, D. (2018). Transformational leadership and job satisfaction: the case of secondary education teachers in Greece. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(10), 158-168. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i10.3451

Kollen, T. (2019). Diversity management: A critical review and agenda for the future. Journal of Management Inquiry. Advance Online Publiaction. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492619868025

Kozikoglu I., & Tosun, Y. (2020). Ogretmenlerin kulturel degerlere duyarli pedagojiye iliskin gorusleri ile kulturel zekâlari arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between teachers' views on culturally sensitive pedagogy and their cultural intelligence]. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 10(3), 539-548. https://doi.org/10.5961/jhes.2020.414

Kreitz, P. (2007). Best practices for managing organisational diversity. SLAC Publication

Kulakoglu Dilek, N. (2014). Kulturel farkliliklarin yonetimi surecinde kulturel zekanin etkinligi: A grubu seyahat acentalari yoneticileri uzerine bir alan arastirmasi [The effectiveness of cultural intelligence in the management of cultural differences: A field study on group A travel agency managers] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Mugla Sitki Kocman University.

Kulakoglu Dilek, N., & Topaloglu, C. (2016). Kültürel farklılıkların yönetimi sürecinde kültürel zekânın etkinliği [Effectiveness of cultural intelligence through managing cultural differences]. Anatolia: Journal of Tourism Studies/ Anadolu: Turizm Arasştirmalari Dergisi, 28(1), 96-109.

Kwan, P. (2020). Is transformational leadership theory passé? revisiting the integrative effect of instructional leadership and transformational leadership on student outcomes. Educational Administration Quarterly, 56(2), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161X19861137

Livermore, D. (2015). Leading with cultural intelligence (2nd ed.). AMACOM.

McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), 117.

McGrath, E., Berdahl, J. L., & Arrow, H. (1995). Traits, expectations, culture, and clout: The dynamics of diversity in work groups. In S. E. Jackson & M. N. Ruderman (Eds.), Diversity in work teams: Research paradigms for a changing workplace (pp. 17–45). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10189-001

Memduhoglu, H. B. (2011). Liselerde farkliliklarin yonetimi: Bireysel tutumlar, orgutsel degerler ve yonetsel politikalar [Diversity management in high schools: individual attitudes, organizational values and managerial policies]. Mersin University Journal of Education Faculty/ Mersin Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 7(2), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.17860/efd.60648

Memduhoglu, H., & Ayyurek, O. (2014). Ogretmenlerin ve okul yoneticilerinin goruslerine gore anaokullarinda farkliliklarin yonetimi [Management of diversity in kindergartens according to the views of teachers and school administrators]. Journal of Educational Sciences Research/ Egitim Bilimleri Arastirmalari Dergisi , 4(1), 175-188.

Okcu, V. (2014). Ogretmenlerin algilarina gore okul yoneticilerinin donusumsel ve islemsel liderlik stilleri ile okuldaki farkliliklari yonetme becerileri arasindaki iliski [Relation between secondary school administrators’ transformational and transactional leadership style and skills to diversity management in the school]. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14(6), 2147-2174. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2014.6.2128

Oxford. (n. d.). Diversity. In Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. Retrieved May 16, 2021 from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/diversity?q=diversity

Ozkol Kilinc, K., & Ozturk, H. (2020). Hemsirelik ogrencilerinin kulturel zekâ duzeylerinin degerlendirilmesi [Cultural intelligence levels of nursing students assessment]. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences/ Türkiye Klinikleri Hemşirelik Bilimleri Dergisi , 12(4), 574-83. https://doi.org/10.5336/nurses.2019-66553

Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers’s trust in leader satiffaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7

Podsiadlowski, A., Groschke, D., Kogler, M., Springer, C., & van der Zee, K. (2013). Managing a culturally diverse workforce: Diversity perspectives in organizations. International Journal of Intercultural Research, 37(2), 159–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.09.001

Point, S., & Singh, V. (2003). Defining and dimensionalising diversity: Evidence from corporate websites across Europe. European Management Journal, 21(6), 750-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2003.09.015

Rajasekar, J., Al-Asfour, A., & Kentiba, E. (2021). Exploring the relationship between cultural intelligence and employees demographic profiles: insights gained from a cross-cultural study in Oman, Review of International Business and Strategy, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print), 2059-6014. https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-09-2020-0107

Rosenauer, D., Homan, A. C., Horstmeier, C. A. L., & Voelpel, S. C. (2015). Managing nationality diversity: The interactive effect of leaders’ cultural intelligence and task interdependence. British Journal of Management, 27(3), 628-645. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12131

Schwartz, S. H. (2006). Les valeurs de base de la personne: Théorie, mesures et applications [Basic human values: Theory, measurement, and applications]. French Journal of Sociology/ Revue Francaise de Sociologie, 47(4), 249-288.

Sengul, K. (2018). Dil partnerligi (tandem) yonteminin Turkce ogretmeni adaylarinin kulturel zekalarina etkisi: Karma yontemli bir yaklasim [The effect of language partnership (tandem) on the cultural intelligence of Turkish teacher candidates: a mixed method approach]. Abant Izzet Baysal University Journal of Faculty of Education/ Abant Izzet Baysal Universitesi Egitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 18(2), 1086-1103. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2018..-431479

Shokef, E., & Erez, M. (2008). Cultural intelligence and global identity in multicultural teams. In S. Ang & L. Van Dyne (Eds.), Handbook of cultural intelligence: Theory, measurement, and applications (pp. 177–191). M.E. Sharpe.

Simsek, A. H., & Ozturk, I. (2018). Kulturel zeka ve donusumsel liderlik arasindaki iliskinin analizi: Hastane yoneticileri ornegi [Analysis of the relationship between cultural intelligence and transformational leadership: an example of hospital administrators]. In Y. Akay Unvan (Ed.), Iktisat bilimlerinde guncel akademik calismalar- 2018 [Current academic studies in economic sciences- 2018] (pp. 181-191). Gece Kitapligi.

Subas, A. (2017). Okul yoneticilerinin liderlik stilleri ile enneagram kisilik tipleri arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between school administrators' leadership styles and enneagram personality types][Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Marmara University.

Surgevil, B., & Budak, G. (2008). Isletmelerin farkliliklarin yonetim anlayisina yaklasim tarzlarinin saptanmasina yonelik bir arastirma [A research aimed at determining the approaches of businesses to the diversity management approach] Dokuz Eylul University Institute of Social Sciences Journal/ Dokuz Eylul Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, 10(4), 65-96.

Surgevil, O. (2008). Farklilik kavramina ve farkliliklarin yonetimine temel olusturan sosyopsikolojik kuramlar ve yaklasimlar [The Socio-Psychological Theories and Approaches that forms the Base of Diversity and Diversity Management]. Balikesir University Journal of Social Sciences Institute/ Balikesir Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi, 11(20), 111-124.

Thompson, R. (2018). A qualitative phenomenological study of emotional and cultural intelligence of international students in the United States of America. Journal of International Students, 8(2), 1220-1255. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1250423

Triandis, H. C. (2006). Cultural intelligence in organisations. Group& Organisations Management, 31(1), 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601105275253

Velarde, J. M., Ghani, M. F., Adams, D., & Cheah, J.-H. (2020). Towards a healthy school climate: The mediating effect of transformational leadership on cultural intelligence and organisational health. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220937311

Vito, R., & Sethi, B. (2020). Managing change: role of leadership and diversity management. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 33(7), 1471-1483. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-04-2019-0116

Yesil, S. (2009). Kulturel farkliliklarin yonetimi ve alternatif bir strateji: Kulturel zekâ [Managing cultural differences and an alternative strategy: Cultural intelligence]. Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University Journal of Social and Economic Research/ Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Arastirmalar Dergisi, 2009(1), 100-131.

Yilmaz, P. (2019). Ogretmen algilarina gore okul mudurlerinin donusumcu liderlik davranislari ile orgutsel iletisim arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesi [Examination of the relationship between transformative leadership behaviors and organizational communication of school principals according to teacher perceptions]. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Marmara University.

Yogurtcu, G. (2015). Intercultural communication and cultural intelligence in multicultural educational environment: A case on Kyrgyzstan University students. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 1(3), 791-806. https://doi.org/10.24289/ijsser.279157

...