The Relationship Between School Administrators’ Paternalistic Leadership Behaviours and Teachers’ Work Alienation Levels
The study aims to determine the relationship between school administrators’ paternalistic leadership behaviours and teachers’ work alienat.
- Pub. date: March 15, 2023
- Pages: 15-30
- 485 Downloads
- 641 Views
- 0 Citations
The study aims to determine the relationship between school administrators’ paternalistic leadership behaviours and teachers’ work alienation levels. The research sample group involves 205 teachers working in the Anatolian high schools in the central district of Siirt. Research data was collected through the “Paternalistic Leadership Behaviours Scale of School Principals” and the “Work Alienation Scale”. According to the descriptive and Pearson correlation analysis results of the research, it was determined that the paternalistic leadership behaviours of the school administrators are at a “strongly agree” level while the work alienation of the teachers is at a “somewhat agree” level, and a negative moderate significant relationship was found between the paternalistic leadership behaviours and the teachers’ work alienation levels. The path analysis revealed that benevolent leadership predicts the powerlessness and meaninglessness dimension negatively significantly; authoritarian leadership predicts the powerlessness dimension positively significantly, and moral leadership predicts meaninglessness and self-estrangement negatively significantly. Moreover, it was also established that, in general, paternalistic leadership behaviours predict the teachers’ work alienation negatively significantly as a whole. As a result of the research, school administrators were suggested to display helpful and ethical behaviours by watching over the teachers in various matters.
Keywords: Alienation, leadership, paternalistic leadership, school administrators, work alienation.
0
References
Afsar, B., & Rehman, M. (2015). Investigating relationships among paternalistic leadership, organizational commitment, organization citizenship behavior, psychological contract and turnover intention: A case of Pakistani SMEs. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 23(8), 1699-1713.
Ağalday, B., & Dağlı, A. (2021). The investigation of the relations between paternalistic leadership, organizational creativity and organizational dissent. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 6(4), 748-794. https://doi.org/10.30828/real/2021.4.1
Agarwal, S. (1993). Influence of formalization on role stress, organizational commitment, and work alienation of salespersons: A cross-national comparative study. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(4), 715-739. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490252
Akar, H. (2018). The relationships between quality of work life, school alienation, burnout, affective commitment and organizational citizenship: A study on teachers. European Journal of Education Research, 7(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.7.2.169
Aktaş, M., & Can, A. (2012). Yöneticilerin kültürel degerleri ve izleyici davranisi tercihleri [Managers' cultural values and audience behavior preferences]. Ege Akademik Bakıs Dergisi, 12(2), 239-249. https://bit.ly/3T9y114
Al-Ghazali, B. M. (2020). Transformational leadership, career adaptability, job embeddedness and perceived career success: a serial mediation model. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(8), 993-1013. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-10-2019-0455
Anwar, H. (2013). Impact of paternalistic leadership on employees out come a study on the banking sector of Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 7(6), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.9790/487X-076109115
Aycan, Z. (2001). Paternalizm: Yönetim ve liderlik anlayışına ilişkin üç görgül çalışma [Paternalism: Three empirical studies on management and leadership]. Yönetim Araştırma Dergisi, 1(1), 1-26. https://bit.ly/3XTZK6P
Aycan, Z., & Fikret-Pasa, S. (2003). Career choices, job selection criteria, and leadership preferences in a transitional nation: The case of Turkey. Journal of Career Development, 30(2), 29-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/089484530303000203
Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller, J., Stahl, G., & Kurshid, A. (2000). Impact of culture on human resource management practices: A 10‐country comparison. Applied Psychology, 49(1), 192-221. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00010
Aycan, Z., & Kanungo, R. N. (2000). Toplumsal kültürün kurumsal kültür ve insan kaynakları uygulamaları üzerine etkileri [The effects of social culture on corporate culture and human resources practices]. Z. Aycan (Ed.). Akademisyenler ve profesyoneller bakış açısıyla türkiye'de yönetim, liderlik ve insan kaynakları uygulamaları [Management, leadership and human resources practices in Turkey from the perspective of academics and professionals] (pp. 25-57). Turk Psikologlar Dernegi Yayinlari.
Banai, M., & Reisel, W. D. (2007). The influence of supportive leadership and job characteristics on work alienation: A six-country investigation. Journal of World Business, 42(4), 463-476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.06.007
Bedi, A. (2019). A meta‐analytic review of paternalistic leadership. Applied Psychology, 69(3), 960-1008. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12186
Brown, L. A., & Roloff, M. E. (2011). Extra-role time, burnout and commitment: The power of promises kept. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 74(4), 450-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/1080569911424202
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595‐616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004
Cansoy, R., Polatcan, M., & Parlar, H. (2020). Paternalistic school principal behaviours and teachers’ participation in decision making: The intermediary role of teachers’ trust in principals. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 5(2), 553-584. https://doi.org/10.30828/real/2020.2.8
Celep, B. (2008). İlköğretim öğretmenlerinin işe yabancılaşması (Kocaeli örneği) [Work alienation of primary school teachers (Kocaeli case)] [Unpublished master's thesis]. Kocaeli University.
Cerit, Y. (2012). Paternalistik liderlik ile yöneticiden ve işin doğasından doyum arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between paternalistic leadership and satisfaction with the manager and the nature of the job]. Ondokuz Mayis University Journal of Education Faculty/ Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi Eğitim Fakultesi Dergisi, 31(2), 35-56. http://bit.ly/3xK41ik
Cerit, Y. (2013). Paternalist liderlik ile öğretmenlere yönelik yıldırma davranışları arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between paternalistic leadership and mobbing behaviors towards teachers]. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(2), 839-851.
Chaudhary, A., Islam, T., Ali, H. F., & Jamil, S. (2023). Can paternalistic leaders enhance knowledge sharing? The roles of organizational commitment and Islamic work ethics. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 72(1/2), 98-118. https://doi.org/10.1108/GKMC-06-2021-0109
Cheng, B., Huang, M., & Chou, L. (2002). Paternalistic leadership and its effectiveness: Evidence from Chinese organizational teams. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 3(1), 85-112.
Cheng, B.-S. (1995). Paternalistic authority and leadership: A case study of a Taiwanese CEO. Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology Academic Sinica, 79, 119-173.
Cheng, B.-S., Chou, L.-F., & Farh, J.-L. (2000). A triad model of paternalistic leadership: Constructs and measurement. Indigenous Psychological Research in Chinese Societies, 14, 3-64.
Cheng, B.-S., Chou, L.-F., Wu, T.-Y., Huang, M.-P., & Farh, J.-L. (2004). Paternalistic leadership and subordinate responses: Establishing a leadership model in Chinese organizations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7(1), 89-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2004.00137.x
Cheng, M. Y., & Wang, L. (2014). The mediating effect of ethical climate on the relationship between paternalistic leadership and team identification: A team-level analysis in the Chinese context. Journal of Business Ethics, 129, 639-654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2189-5
Chu, P. C., & Hung, C. C. (2009). The relationship of paternalistic leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating effect of upward communication. Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 5(2), 66-73.
Clark, S. K., Halbesleben, J. R. B., Lester, S. W., & Heintz, R. (2010). Temporary worker alienation and job performance: The impact of rating source. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 17(3), 287-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051810368679
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203224342
Çevik, M. S. (2016). Örgüt kültürünün yabancılaşma üzerindeki etkisi [The effect of organizational culture on alienation] [Master's thesis, Siirt University]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi. http://bit.ly/3IkpcfT
Dağlı, A., & Ağalday, B. (2017). Developing a headmasters paternalistic leadership behaviours scale in Turkey. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(30), 190-200. http://bit.ly/3T589mZ
Dağlı, A., & Ağalday, B. (2018). Okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışlarının incelenmesi [Analysing headmasters’ paternalistic leadership behaviours]. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences/ Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(66), 518-534. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.341663
Dağlı, A., & Averberk, E. (2017). Investigating organizational alienation behavior in terms of some variables. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(2), 228-237. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050208
Dash, S. S., & Vohra, N. (2018). The leadership of the school principal: Impact on teachers’ job crafting, alienation and commitment. Management Research Review, 42(3), 352-369. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-11-2017-0384
Durmaz, C. (2019). Babacan liderlik - örgütsel sinizm ilişkisinde yıldırma değişkeninin aracı, bireycilik-toplulukçuluk değişkeninin düzenleyici rolü [Mediator of mobbing variable, regulatory role of individualism-collectivism variable in fatherly leadership-organizational cynicism relationship] [Doctoral dissertation, Hacettepe Universty]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Açık Erişim Sistemi. http://bit.ly/3JwIwZ5
Dworkin, A. G., Saha, L. J., & Hill, A. N. (2003). Teacher burnout and perceptions of a democratic school environment. International Education Journal, 4(2), 108-120.
Ekmen, F., & Okçu, V. (2021). The relationship between paternalistic leadership behaviors of school administrators and pre-school teachers’ job satisfaction. European Journal of Education Studies, 8(6), 142-164. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v8i6.3776
Elma, C. (2003). İlköğretim okulu öğretmenlerinin işe yabancılaşması (Ankara ili örneği) [Work alienation of primary school teachers] [Doctoral dissertation, Ankara University]. Ankara Üniversitesi Akademik Arşiv Sistemi. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12575/78657
Erben, G. S. (2008). Effects of perceived employment opportunities, peer support, exhaustion and work alienation on the relationship between perceived job characteristics and a comparative study between lean and traditional production contexts (Publication No. 28537033) [Doctoral dissertation, Marmara University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Erjem, Y. (2005). Eğitimde yabancılaşma olgusu ve öğretmen: lise öğretmenleri üzerine sosyolojik bir araştırma [The phenomenon of alienation in education and the teacher: A sociological research on high school teachers]. The Journal of Turkish Educational Sciences / Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(4), 395-417. http://bit.ly/41vgsMT
Eryılmaz, A., & Burgaz, B. (2011). Özel ve resmi lise öğretmenlerinin örgütsel yabancılaşma düzeyleri [Levels of organizational alienation of private and public high school teachers]. Education and Science/ Eğitim ve Bilim, 36(161), 271-286. http://bit.ly/3LgbWvP
Farh, J.-L., & Cheng, B.-S. (2000). A cultural analysis of paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations. In J. T. Li, A. S. Tsui, & E. Weldon (Eds.), Management and organizations in the Chinese context, (pp. 84-127). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230511590_5
Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (2003). Statistical methods for rates and proportions. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471445428
Fried, L., Mansfield, C., & Dobozy, E. (2015). Teacher emotion research: Introducing a conceptual model to guide future research. Issues in Educational Research, 25(4), 415-441. https://www.iier.org.au/iier25/fried.pdf
Gao, L., Janssen, O., & Shi, K. (2011). Leader trust and employee voice: The moderating role of empowering leader behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(4), 787-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.015
Gelfand, M. J., Erez, M., & Aycan, Z. (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 479-514. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085559
Geyer, F. (2001). Alienation, sociology of. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 388-392). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01824-6
Goleman, D. (2002). Lideri lider yapan nedir? [What makes a leader a leader?] (Trans. N. El Hüseyni). Mess Yayınları. (Original work published 1998)
Green, S. B., & Salkind, N. J. (2010). Using SPSS for windows and macintosh: analyzing and understanding data. Pearson Education, Inc.
Gu, Q., Tang, T. L. P., & Jiang, W. (2015). Does moral leadership enhance employee creativity? Employee identification with leader and leader–member exchange (LMX) in the Chinese context. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(3), 513-529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1967-9
Guo, L., Decoster, S., Babalola, M. T., De Schutter, L., Garba, O. A., & Riisla, K. (2018). Authoritarian leadership and employee creativity: The moderating role of psychological capital and the mediating role of fear and defensive silence. Journal of Business Research, 92, 219-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.034
Harms, P. D., Wood, D., Landay, K., Lester, P. B., & Lester, G. V. (2018). Autocratic leaders and authoritarian followers revisited: A review and agenda for the future. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.007
Hascher, T., & Hadjar, A. (2018). School alienation-theoretical approaches and educational research. Educational Research, 60(2), 171-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2018.1443021
Hascher, T., & Hagenauer, G. (2010). Alienation from school. International Journal of Educational Research, 49(6), 220-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2011.03.002
Hirschfeld, R. R., & Feild, H. S. (2000). Work centrality and work alienation: Distinct aspects of a general commitment to work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(7), 789-800. https://doi.org/d5vh8r
Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 7(1), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1993.9409142061
Hofstede, G. (2006). What did globe really measure? Researchers’ minds versus respondents’ minds. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(6), 882-896. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400233
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 54-60.
Hou, B., Hong, J., Zhu, K., & Zhou, Y. (2019). Paternalistic leadership and innovation: The moderating effect of environmental dynamism. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22(3), 562-582. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-07-2018-0141
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariances structure analysis:conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structual Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Huse, M., & Mussolino, D. (2008, June 22-25). Paternalism and governance in family firms [Paper presentation]. ICSB World Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Isherwood, G. B., & Hoy, W. K. (1973). Bureaucracy, powerlessness and teacher work values. The Journal of Educational Administration, 11(1), 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb009693
Jackson, T. (2016). Paternalistic leadership: The missing link in cross-cultural leadership studies? International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 16(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595816637701
Kanungo, R. N. (1992). Alienation and empowerment: Some ethical imperatives in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 413-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00870553
Karasel, N., Altınay, Z., Altınay, F., & Dağlı, G. (2017). Paternalist leadership style of the organizational trust. Quality & Quantity International Journal of Methodology, 52, 11-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0580-x
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guildford Press.
Kline, R. B. (2013). Assessing statistical aspects of test fairness with structural equation modelling. Educational Research and Evaluation, 19(2-3), 204-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2013.767624
Korkmaz, F., Gökdeniz, İ., & Zorlu, K. (2018). Paternalist liderlik davraşının örgütsel özdeşleşme üzerindeki etkisinde çalışanların işe tutkunluk düzeylerinin aracılık rolü [The mediating role of employees' work engagement in the effect on organizational identification of paternalistic leadership behavior]. Journal of Business Research- Turk/ İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 950-973. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2018.508
Korkmaz, M., & Çevik, M. S. (2017). Ortaöğretim kurumlarında örgüt kültürü ile yabancılaşma arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between organizational culture and alienation in secondary education institutions]. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi Dergisi, 23(4), 675-716.
Kurt, İ. (2013). Paternalist liderlik ile çalışanların işlerine yaratıcı katılım algıları arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaya yönelik bir çalışma [A study to investigate the relationship between paternalistic leadership and employees' perceptions of creative participation in their work.]. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 321-330. https://bit.ly/3IMSt4q
Liang, S., Ling, H., & Hsieh, S. (2007). The mediating effects of leader-member exchange quality to influence the relationships between paternalistic leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of American Academy of Business, 10, 127–137.
Luu, T. T., & Djurkovic, N. (2019). Paternalistic leadership and idiosyncratic deals in a healthcare context. Management Decision, 57(3), 621-648. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-06-2017-0595
Mansur, J., Sobral, F., & Goldszmidt, R. (2017). Shades of paternalistic leadership across cultures. Journal of World Business, 52(5), 702-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.06.003
McMillan, J. W., & Schumacher, S. (2014). Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry (7th ed.). Pearson.
Mert, P., & Özgenel, M. (2020). A relational research on paternalist leadership behaviors perceived by teachers and teachers' performance. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 15(2), 41-60. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2020.251.3
Mohseni Tabrizi, A., Zanjani, H., Taleghani, M., & Taleghani, M. (2011). Alienation of work and its impact on labor productivity. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 1(11), 2051-2058.
Mottaz, C. J. (1981). Some determinants of work alienation. The Sociological Quarterly, 22(4), 515-529. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1981.tb00678.x
Mussolino, D., & Calabrò, A. (2014). Paternalistic leadership in family firms: Types and implications for intergenerational succession. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(2), 197-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfbs.2013.09.003
Nair, N., & Vohra, N. (2009). Developing a new measure of work alienation. Journal of Workplace Rights, 14(3), 293-309. https://doi.org/10.2190/WR.14.3.c
Nazir, S., Shafi, A., Asadullah, M. A., Qun, W., & Khadim, S. (2021). Linking paternalistic leadership to follower's innovative work behavior: The influence of leader-member exchange and employee voice. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(4), 1354-1378. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-01-2020-0005
Nigama, K., Selvabaskar, S., Surulivel, S. T., Alamelu, R., & Joice, D. U. (2018). Job satisfaction among school teachers. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 119(7), 2645-255. https://bit.ly/3Eqcjzx
Niu, C. P., Wang, A. C., & Cheng, B. S. (2009). Effectiveness of a moral and benevolent leader: Probing the interactions of the dimensions of paternalistic leadership. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 12(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-839X.2008.01267.x
Okçu, V., Çevik, M. S., & Bakaç, N. (2015). Relation between the organizational justice perception and work alienation of secondary school teachers. International Journal of Academic Research, 7(4), 213-225.
Okçu, V., Ergül, H., & Ekmen, F. (2020). Okul yöneticilerinin babacan liderlik davranışları ile öğretmenlerin örgütsel güven ve motivasyon düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi (path analiz çalışması) [Examining the relationship between the paternalist leadership behaviour of school principals and the levels of organizational trust and motivation, according to the perceptions of teachers (path analysis study)]. The Journal of International Social Research/ Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(73), 755-770. https://bit.ly/3mLm7hN
Özgenel, M., & Dursun, İ. E. (2020). Okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışlarının okul kültürüne etkisi [The effect of school principals' paternalistic leadership behaviors on school culture]. Journal of Social, Human and Administrative Sciences/ Sosyal, Beşerî ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 3(4), 284-302. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2020.361
Palta, A. (2018). Öğretmenlerin işe yabancılaşma düzeyleri ve yöneticilerinin liderlik stillerinin incelenmesi [Examination of teacher recruitment levels and leadership styles of managers]. Ulakbilge - Journal of Social Sciences/ Ulakbilge Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(31), 1670-1679. https://doi.org/10.7816/ulakbilge-06-31-03
Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. (2006). Leader–member exchange (LMX), paternalism, and delegation in the Turkish business culture: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 264-279. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400185
Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. (2008). Paternalistic leadership: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 34(3), 566-593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316063
Salminen-Karlsson, M. (2015). Expatriate paternalistic leadership and gender relations in small European software firms in India. Culture and Organization, 21(5), 409-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/14759551.2015.1068776
Saylık, A. (2017). Okul müdürlerinin paternalist (babacan) liderlik davranışları ile Hofstede'nin kültür boyutları arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between paternalistic leadership behaviours of school principles and culture dimensions of hofstede] [Doctoral dissertation, Ankara University]. Ankara Üniversitesi Akademik Arşiv Sistemi. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12575/72788
Sayü, P. (2014). Örgütsel adalet ve işe yabancılaşma arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between organizational justice and work alienation] [Master's thesis, Marmara University]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi. http://bit.ly/3yyuakJ
Schlichte, J., Yssel, N., & Merbler, J. (2005). Pathways to burnout: Case studies in teacher isolation and alienation. Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth, 50(1), 35-40. https://doi.org/10.3200/PSFL.50.1.35-40
Schlomer, G. L., Bauman, S., & Card, N. A. (2010). Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018082
Shi, X., Yu, Z., & Zheng, X. (2020). Exploring the relationship between paternalistic leadership, teacher commitment, and job satisfaction in Chinese schools. Frontiers in Psychol, 11, Article 1481. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01481
Sidorkin, A. M. (2004). In the event of learning: alienation and participative thinking in education. Educational Theory, 54(3), 251-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-2004.2004.00018.x
Soylu, S. (2011). Creating a family or loyalty-based framework: the effects of paternalistic leadership on workplace bullying. Journal of Business Ethics, 99, 217-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0651-6
Sungur, C., Ozer, O., Saygili, M., & Ugurluoglu, O. (2019). Paternalistic leadership, organizational cynicism, and intention to quit one’s job in nursing. Hospital Topics, 97(4), 139-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2019.1655509
Suárez-Mendoza, M. J., & Zoghbi‐Manrique‐de‐Lara, P. (2007). The impact of work alienation on organizational citizenship behavior in the Canary Islands. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 15(1), 56-76. https://doi.org/10.1108/19348830710860156
Şimşek, H., Balay, R., & Şimşek, A. S. (2012). İlköğretim sınıf öğretmenlerinde mesleki yabancılaşma [Professional alienation in primary school teachers]. Journal of Educational Sciences Research/ Eğitim Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 53-72. https://bit.ly/3IMZDW0
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
Tekingunduz, S., Kurtuldu, A., & Egilmez, Ç. (2016). The analysis of the effects of social support, job alienation and job stress on labour performance. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 683-694. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3512
Tsang, K. K. (2016). Teacher alienation in Hong Kong. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 39(3), 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2016.1261084
Ünsal, Y. (2018). Eğitim örgütlerinde sergilenen hizmetkâr liderlik rollerinin öğretmenlerin örgütsel yabancılaşmasına etkisi [The influence of the servant leadership roles displayed in educational organizations on the alienation of teachers to work] [Master’s thesis, Harran University]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi. https://bit.ly/3Kyhe5t
Wagstaff, M. F., Collela, A., Triana, M. D. C., Smith, A. N., & Watkins, M. B. (2015). Subordinates’ perceptions of supervisor paternalism: A scale development. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(6), 659-674. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-10-2012-0287
Walker, A., & Qian, H. (2018). Deciphering Chinese school leadership: Conceptualisation, context and complexities. Routledge.
Westwood, R. (1997). Harmony and patriarchy: The cultural basis for “paternalistic headship” among the overseas Chinese. Organization Studies, 18(3), 445-480. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069701800305
Westwood, R. I., & Chan, A. (1992). Headship and leadership. In R. I. Westwood (Ed.), Organizational behavior: A southeast Asian perspective (pp. 445-480). Longman.
Wu, M., Huang, X., & Chan, S. C. H. (2012). The influencing mechanisms of paternalistic leadership in Mainland China. Asia Pacific Business Review,18(4), 631-648. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2012.690940
Yeh, H. R., Chi, H. K., & Chiou, C. Y. (2008). The influences of paternalistic leadership, job stress, and organizational commitment on organizational performance: An empirical study of policemen in Taiwan. The Journal of International Management Studies, 3(2), 85-91.
Yeniçeri, Ö. (2009). Örgütlerde çatışma ve yabancılaşma yönetimi [Conflict and alienation management in organizations]. IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
Yıldız, K., Akgun, N., & Yıldız, S. (2013). İşe yabancılaşma ile örgütsel sinizm arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between work alienation and organizational cynicism]. International Journal of Social Science, 6(6), 1253-1284. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS1193
Yılmaz, S., & Sarpkaya, P. (2009). Eğitim örgütlerinde yabancılaşma ve yönetimi [Alienation and its management in educational organizations]. International Journal of Human Sciences/ Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 314-333. http://bit.ly/3FDdxsb
Yin, H., & Zheng, X. (2018). Facilitating professional learning communities in China: Do leadership practices and faculty trust matter? Teaching and Teacher Education, 76, 140-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.09.002
Zengin, Y., & Kaygın, E. (2016). Örgütsel adalet ve örgütsel yabancılaşma arasındaki lişkiyi belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma [An investigation to determine the relationship between organizational justice and organizational alienation]. Akademik Bakış, (56), 391-415. https://bit.ly/3ZfhN8f
Zhang, Y., Huai, M.-Y., & Xie, Y.-H. (2015). Paternalistic leadership and employee voice in China: A dual process model. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(1), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.01.002
Zheng, X., Shi, X., & Liu, Y. (2020). Leading teachers’ emotions like parents: relationships between paternalistic leadership, emotional labor and teacher commitment in China. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00519